espero que pueda ser feliz, aunque no con él con él
semoga saya bisa bahagia dengannya walau tak bersama dia



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Senin, 14 November 2011

cara menginstal linux debian

LANGKAH-LANGKAH INSTALASI LINUX (DEBIAN)

LANGKAH I
Persiapan Menginstall Linux (Debian)
Nyalakan komputer, kemudian tekan [delete] untuk masuk ke bios,
Setelah di dalam bios, pilih menu
BIOS FEATURES SETUP
tekan [ENTER]
Setelah itu pilihlah menu Boot Sequence agar menjadi CDROM,C,A
[ESC]
Pilih,
SAVE & EXIT SETUP
tekan [ENTER]
tekan y [ENTER]
Maka komputer akan mulai booting kembali dengan boot sequence pertama ke CDROM.
Masukkan CD debian yang ada kedalam CDROM.
LANGKAH II
Boot dari CD
Setelah memasukkan CD ke dalam CDROM maka tinggal tunggu CD boot.
Setelah komputer boot ke CD, akan muncul tampilan sebagai berikut:
Welcome to Deal
This is debian ...........................................
..........................................................
boot:_ [ENTER]
LANGKAH III
Pilihan Awal Penginstallan
Setelah itu komputer akan loading...
Tunggu sampai muncul tulisan sebagai berikut:
' Choose The Language '
Pilih bahasa (disarankan bahasa inggris - en). [ENTER]
' Choose Language Variant '
Pilih ' English (United States) ' [ENTER].
' Relase Notes '
Pilih [ENTER].
' Debian GNU/LINUX Installation Main Menu '
Akan ada macam-macam pilihan didalam kotak dengan bagian yang di highlight
pada pilihan yang paling atas dengan tulisan,
Next : Configure the Keyboard
tekan [ENTER].
' Select a Keyboard '
Akan ada macam-macam pilihan didalam kotak dengan bagian yang di highlight
pilih,
qwerty/us : U.S. English (QWERTY)
[ENTER]
LANGKAH IV
Menentukan Partisi Hardisk
' Debian GNU/LINUX Installation Main Menu '
Akan ada macam-macam pilihan didalam kotak dengan bagian yang di highlight
pada pilihan yang paling atas dengan tulisan,
Next : Initialize and Activate a Swap Partition
pilih,
Previous: Partition a Hard Disk
[ENTER]
' Select Disk Drive '
pilih,
/dev/hda
[ENTER]
' Lilo Limitations '
[ENTER]
' Note on additional space for the ReiserFS Journal '
[ENTER]
Akan muncul tampilan partisi yang ada pada hard Disk hda, dengan informasi ini anda akan mengetahui letak partisi swap dan letak partisi tempat anda akan meletakkan '/' (root).
pilih [ Quit ]
dengan menggerakan/menekan panah kearah kanan. [ENTER]
LANGKAH V
Menginisialisasi Partisi Swap
' Debian GNU/LINUX Installation Main Menu '
Akan ada macam-macam pilihan didalam kotak dengan bagian yang di highlight pada pilihan yang paling atas dengan tulisan,
Next : Initialize and Activate a Swap Partition
[ENTER]
' Scan for Bad Blocks? '
pilih [ENTER]
' Are You Sure? '
pilih [ENTER]
LANGKAH VI
Memilih jenis File System pada Partisi Linux
' Debian GNU/LINUX Installation Main Menu '
Akan ada macam-macam pilihan didalam kotak dengan bagian yang di highlight
pada pilihan yang paling atas dengan tulisan,
Next : Initialize a Linux Partition
[ENTER]
' Choose Filesystem Type '
Terdapat 3 pilihan pada kotak, pilih,
Ext3 : Next Generation of Ext2, a journaling filesystem
[ENTER]
' Select Partition '
Pilih partisi yang akan dijadikan "Ext3"
Terdapat 3 pilihan pada kotak, pilih,
/dev/hda2 : Linux native
[ENTER]
' Scan for Bad Blocks? '
pilih [ENTER]
' Are You Sure? '
Perhatikan baik-baik apakah benar yang anda pilih /dev/hda2 sebagai "Ext3" kalau sudah benar
pilih [ENTER]
' Mount as the Root Filesystem? '
pilih [ENTER]
LANGKAH VII
Menginstall Kernel dan Modulnya
' Debian GNU/LINUX Installation Main Menu '
Akan ada macam-macam pilihan didalam kotak dengan bagian yang di highlight pada pilihan yang paling atas dengan tulisan,
Next : Install kernel and Driver Modules
[ENTER]
' Select Installation Medium '
pilih,
cdrom : CD-ROM drive
[ENTER]
' Please insert the CD-ROM '
pilih [ENTER]
' Please Wait '
' Select Archive path '
Pilih directory tempat menginstall kernel.
/instmnt/dists/woody/main/disks-i386/current
[ENTER]
' Please Wait '
LANGKAH VIII
Memilih Driver
' Debian GNU/LINUX Installation Main Menu '
Akan ada macam-macam pilihan didalam kotak dengan bagian yang di highlight
pada pilihan yang paling atas dengan tulisan,
Next : Configure Device Driver Modules
[ENTER]
' Note about loaded drivers '
pilih, [ENTER]
' Select Category '
Akan tampil pilihan-pilihan module yang akan di pilih,
1. Pilih ' kernel/drivers/input Input Devices. ' [ENTER]
' Select kernel/driver/input modules '
pilih,
' kebdev - Keyboard support ' [ENTER]
' kebdev '
pilih, [ENTER]
' Enter Command-Line Argumens '
Tidak perlu diisi apa-apa.
[ENTER]
pilih,
' mousedev - Mouse support ' [ENTER]
' mousedev '
pilih, [ENTER]
' Enter Command-Line Argumens '
Tidak perlu diisi apa-apa.
[ENTER]
Pilih ' Exit Finish Return to previous menu. ' [ENTER]
2. Pilih ' kernel/drivers/net Drivers for network interface cards ' [ENTER]
' Select kernel/drivers/net modules '
carilah ' eepro100 ' [ENTER]
' eepro100 '
pilih, [ENTER]
atau bila gagal bisa coba bonding
' Enter Command-Line Argumens '
Tidak perlu diisi apa-apa. [ENTER]
Pilih ' Exit Finish Return to previous menu. ' [ENTER]
3. Pilih ' kernel/fs/msdos
MS-DOS file system ' [ENTER]
' Select kernel/fs/msdos modules '
pilih, ' msdos - PC BIOS ' [ENTER]
' msdos '
pilih, [ENTER]
' Enter Command-Line Argumens '
Tidak perlu diisi apa-apa.
[ENTER]
Pilih ' Exit Finish Return to previous menu. ' [ENTER]
4. Pilih ' kernel/arch/1386/kernel i386-base drivers. ' [ENTER]
pilih, ' apm ' [ENTER]
' apm '
pilih, [ENTER]
' Enter Command-Line Argumens '
Tidak perlu diisi apa-apa.
[ENTER]
pilih, ' cpuid ' [ENTER]
' cpuid '
pilih, [ENTER]
' Enter Command-Line Argumens '
Tidak perlu diisi apa-apa.
[ENTER]
Pilih ' Exit Finish Return to previous menu. ' [ENTER]
Pilih, ' Exit ' [ENTER]
LANGKAH IX
Mengkonfigurasi Jaringan
' Debian GNU/LINUX Installation Main Menu '
Akan ada macam-macam pilihan didalam kotak dengan bagian yang di highlight
pada pilihan yang paling atas dengan tulisan,
Next : Configure the network
[ENTER]
' Choose The Hostname '
Ganti tulisan ' Debian ' dengan ' LAB-OS-27-*** '
*** diganti dengan nomor komputer.
[ENTER]
' Automatic Network Configuration '
pilih, [ENTER]
' Choose the IP Address '
Ganti tulisan default-nya dengan ' 152.118.27.*** '
*** diganti dengan nomor komputer.
[ENTER]
' Choose Network Mask '
Tidak usah diganti.
[ENTER]
' What is your IP gateaway address? '
152.118.27.1
[ENTER]
' Choose Domain Name '
Tulis ' cs.ui.ac.id '
[ENTER]
' Choose the DNS Server Addresses '
Ganti dengan ' 152.118.24.2 '
[ENTER]
LANGKAH X
Menginstall Base System
' Debian GNU/LINUX Installation Main Menu '
Akan ada macam-macam pilihan didalam kotak dengan bagian yang di
highlight pada pilihan yang paling atas dengan tulisan,
Next : Install the base system
[ENTER]
' Select Installation Medium '
pilih,
' cdrom : CD-ROM drive '
[ENTER]
' Please insert the CD-ROM '
pilih, [ENTER]
' Select Archive path '
Pilih directory untuk menginstall base sistem.
/instmnt
[ENTER]
' Installing Base System, please wait '
Tunggulah sampai selesai menginstall.
LANGKAH XI
Membuat System Menjadi Bootable
' Debian GNU/LINUX Installation Main Menu '
Akan ada macam-macam pilihan didalam kotak dengan bagian yang di highlight
pada pilihan yang paling atas dengan tulisan,
Next : Make System Bootable
[ENTER]
' When should the LILO boot loader be installed ? '
Pilih,
/dev/hda : Install LILO in the MBR (use this if unsure).
[ENTER]
' Other bootable partitions '
Pilih,
Include Put all into the menu.
[ENTER]
' Securing LILO '
[ENTER]
LANGKAH XII
Membuat Boot Floppy
' Debian GNU/LINUX Installation Main Menu '
Akan ada macam-macam pilihan didalam kotak dengan bagian yang di highlight
pada pilihan yang paling atas dengan tulisan,
Next : Make a Boot Floppy
Masukkan disket(dalam keadaan baik)ke dalam floppy disk
[ENTER]
' Change Disk '
[ENTER]
Tunggulah sementara sedang membuat boot floppy
LANGKAH XIII
Mereboot Komputer
' Debian GNU/LINUX Installation Main Menu '
Akan ada macam-macam pilihan didalam kotak dengan bagian yang di highlight
pada pilihan yang paling atas dengan tulisan,
Next : Reboot The System
[ENTER]
' Reboot The System? '
Pilih,
Yes [ENTER]
Kemudian keluarkan disket dari floppy disk, sementara komputer sedang reboot.
Keluarkanlah cd deal dari cdrom.
Tunggu sampai muncul lilo boot seperti dibawah ini,
Linux
WIN/Dos
Pilih Linux [ENTER]
LANGKAH XIV
Konfigurasi System Debian
Kemudian akan masuk ke tampilan seperti dibawah ini :
' Debian System Configuration '
[ENTER]
' TimeZone Configuration '
Is the hardware clock set to GMT
Pilih,
[ENTER]
What area do you life in?
Pilih,
Asia [ENTER]
Select a city or time zone:
Pilih,
Jakarta [ENTER]
' Password setup '
Shall I enable md5 passwords?
Pilih,
[ENTER]
Shall I enable shadow passwords?
Pilih,
[ENTER]
Enter a password for the root:
Isi saja dengan 12345
[ENTER]
Re-enter password to verify:
Isi lagi dengan 12345
[ENTER]
Shall I create a normal user account now?
Pilih,
[ENTER]
' Debian System Configuration '
Shall I remove the pcmcia packages?
Pilih,
[ENTER]
Do you want to user a PPP connection to install the system.
Pilih,
[ENTER]
' Apt Configuration '
Choose the method apt should user to access to Debian archive:
Pilih,
cdrom [ENTER]
Masukkan cd deal ke dalam cdrom.
Enter CD ROM device file:
/dev/cdrom [ENTER]
Scan another CD?
pilih [ENTER]
Add another apt source?
pilih [ENTER]
Use security updates from security.debian.org?
pilih [ENTER]
Run tasksel?
pilih [ENTER]
Run dselect?
pilih [ENTER]
Run dselect?
pilih, [ENTER]
Tunggu sementara sedang mengkonfigurasi paket apa saja yang akan diambil,
sampai ada tulisan seperti di bawah ini :
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
Ketikan y [ENTER]
Do you want to erase any previous downloaded.deb files? [Y/n]
Ketik,
y [ENTER]
Please enter to continue
[ENTER]
I can do .....
[---Please return---]
[ENTER]
You must choose one of the options below:
Enter value (default='1', 'x' to restart):
Ketik,
5 [ENTER]
'Debian System Configuration '
Have fun !
Thank you for choosing Debian.
[ENTER]
LANGKAH XV
Login
Nanti akan muncul pesan seperti dibawah ini:
LAB-OS-27-**** login :
(**** sesuai dengan komputer tempat anda menginstall)
Coba masukkan login root dan passwordnya.
Setelah itu kita akan mencoba menginstall paket.
Cara menginstallnya adalah dengan cara sebagai berikut:
ketik perintah ini di console:
apt-get install "nama paket" [ENTER]
Sebagai contoh kita akan mencoba menginstall lynx.
Jadi yang harus diketikkan adalah sebagai berikut :
apt-get install lynx [ENTER]
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
ketikan y [ENTER]
Setelah selesai menginstall lynx coba ketikkan perintah ini di console :
lynx kambing.vlsm.org [ENTER]
Jika berhasil masuk ke halaman kambing.vlsm.org berarti anda berhasil.
Selamat menggunakan Debian!
Selamat mencoba di rumah!
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Jumat, 04 November 2011

linux.unix.windows.mac

Linux

Pada mulanya Linux adalah nama kernel atau jantung sistem operasi komputer yang dibuat pertama kali oleh Linus Torvalds pada 1991. Linus mengizinkan siapa saja untuk menggunakan, mempelajari cara kerjanya, dan mendistribusikan Linux, dengan lisensi GNU GPL (General Public License) atau lebih terkenal dengan istilah Free Software.
Saat ini, nama Linux tidak hanya digunakan untuk menyebut kernel, namun juga sistem operasi yang lengkap. Bahkan Linux juga digunakan untuk menyebut distribusi (gabungan sistem operasi dan berbagai aplikasi) atau distro Linux. Contoh distro Linux urut abjad: BlankOn, CentOS, Debian, Fedora, Gentoo, Mandriva, Mint, Nusantara, openSUSE, RedHat, Slackware, Ubuntu, Xandros, dan lain-lain.
Richard Stallman, pendiri Yayasan Free Software, mengusulkan penulisan sistem operasi Linux adalah GNU/Linux atau GNU-Linux, karena sistem operasi Linux berisi kernel Linux dan beberapa program dari projek GNU. Ada yang tidak setuju dengan Stallman, karena ada program pada sistem operasi Linux yang bukan dari projek GNU.
Open Source adalah istilah untuk software yang source code-nya (kode programnya) disediakan oleh pengembangnya untuk umum (terbuka) agar dapat dipelajari cara kerjanya, diubah atau dikembangkan lebih lanjut, dan disebarluaskan. Jika pembuat program melarang orang lain untuk mengubah dan atau menyebarluaskan program buatannya, maka program itu bukan Open Source, meskipun tersedia kode programnya.
Open Source merupakan salah satu syarat free software. Free Software pasti Open Source Software, namun Open Source Software belum tentu Free Software. Contoh Free Software adalah Linux. Contoh Open Source Software adalah FreeBSD. Linux yang berlisensi Free Software tidak dapat diubah menjadi berlisensi tidak Free Software, sedangkan FreeBSD yang berlisensi Open Source Software BSD-like dapat diubah menjadi tidak Open Source. FreeBSD (Open Source) merupakan salah satu dasar untuk membuat Mac OSX (tidak Open Source). www.opensource.org/licenses memuat jenis-jenis lisensi Open Source.

Unix atau UNIX adalah sebuah sistem operasi komputer yang diawali dari project Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) pada tahun 1965 yang dilakukan American Telephone and Telegraph AT&T, General Electric (GE), dan Institut Teknologi Massachusetts (MIT), dengan biaya dari Departemen Pertahanan Amerika (Departement of Defence Advenced Research Project, DARPA atau ARPA), UNIX didesain sebagai Sistem operasi yang portable, multi-tasking dan multi-user.

Daftar isi

 [sembunyikan] 

[sunting] Pendahuluan

Sistem operasi Unix digunakan secara luas baik sebagai server atau workstation. Arsitektur Unix dan model client/server merupakan elemen yang paling penting dalam perkembangan internet dan mengubah proses komputasi secara terpusat dalam jaringan dari pada proses tunggal di komputer. Linux, merupakan sistem operasi yang diadopsi dari Unix dan tersedia secara bebas mendapat popularitas sebagai alternatif dari sistem operasi proprietary seperti Microsoft Windows

[sunting] Sejarah

Pada tahun 1969, project MULTICS oleh AT&T dihentikan karna terlambat, tidak sesuai dengan jadwal yang telah ditentukan, juga karena jauhnya jarak antara periset yang mengembangkannya, antara labolatorium New Jersey dan MIT.
Pada tahun 1969 juga, Ken Thompson, peneliti yang juga bekerja pada project MULTICS menggunakan komputer PDP-& mencoba merealisasikan ide MULTICS berkerja sama dengan Dennis Ritchie, yang juga sebelumnya bekerja dalam project MULTICS. Peter Neuman menyarankan menggunakan nama Unix untuk sistem yang baru ini, Sistem UNIX ini kemudian ditulis ulang untuk PDP-11 dari Digital dalam satu tahun. Ilmuan AT&T banyak menambahkan kemampuan pada UNIX. pada tahun 1970, sehingga banyak program-program kecil yang disebut tools di UNIX, masing-masing digunakan untuk melakukan suatu fungsi. Tahun 1973, Unix ditulis ulang oleh Ken Thompson dengan menggunakan bahasa C yang baru dari Ritchie, bahasa C dirancang untuk dapat dibawa portable dari komputer satu ke komputer lainnya. Tahun 1977, Mike Lesk mengembangkan "ported I/0 library", library yang dapat dibawa untuk mengatasi kesulitan membawa UNIX dari satu komputer ke komputer lain karna perbedaan penanganan sistem I/0 dari setiap komputer, Unix pertama kali dibawa kedalam laboratorium Interdata 8/32, komputer mikro yang sama dengan PDP-11. Tahun 1978, sistem operasi UNIX dibawa kedalam komputer mini VAX. sampai dengan saat ini Unix masih banyak sebagai sistem eksperimental. Awal 1973 lebih dari 16 AT&T atau Western Electric di luar laboratorium Bell menjalankan sistem operasi Unix, Unix kemudian menyebar. Tahun 1977 sedikitnya 500 tempat menggunakan sistem operasi Unix, 125 diantaranya adalah perguruan tinggi dan lebih dari 10 negara asing. Pada tahun 1977 juga keluar Unix Versi 6 yang memiliki dukungan komersial. Universitas California di Berkeley membayar 400 (dalam satuan dollar) untuk mendapatkan sumber Unix yang didalamnya terdapat kode sumber Unix yang lengkap. Bill joy dan Chuck Haley, lulusan dari Berkeley, mulai mengubah. Tahun 1978 Bill Joy mengeluarkan 30 salinan koleksi program dan modifikasi Unix dengan biaya pengganti media dan pengiriman seharga 50 (dalam satuan dollar). Lebih dari 6 tahun Berkeley mendapat dana dari ARPA untuk mengembangkan Unix yang kemudian disebut dengan BSD Unix. banyak pengembangan yang telah dilakukan seperti multitasking, penamaan file dengan jumlah karakter sampai dengan 255 karakter, dan kemampuan untuk digunakan di komputer lokal. pada tahun yang sama AT&T tetap mengembangkan Unix versinya, dan mulai khawatir akan kepopuleran BSD Unix. AT&T mengembangkan produk komersial Unix, yang disebut UNIX System V dan menyatakan sebagai standart Unix, dan menyatakan bahwa BSD Unix bukan merupakan produk Unix yang standart dan tidak kompetible, Pernyataan ini dikeluarkan oleh AT&T untuk meredam kepopuleran BSD Unix, juga karna hak cipta ada pada AT&T, BSD Unix dinyatakan sebagai BSD 4.2. dengan lisensi Berkeley dengan AT&T Universitas dapat secara bebas

[sunting] Jenis-jenis UNIX

UNIX adalah sebuah sistem operasi yang dikembangkan oleh banyak pihak. Setiap pihak yang mengembangkan UNIX, menambahkan teknologi miliknya ke dalam UNIX, yang meskipun hal itu di luar standar, mampu menjadikan sistem operasi UNIX lebih kuat atau lebih andal. Tabel berikut menyebutkan beberapa jenis-jenis UNIX.
Nama varian UNIX Dikembangkan oleh (vendor/organisasi)
A/UX Apple Computer
Domain/X Apple Computer
Darwin Apple Computer (modifikasi yang dilakukan oleh Apple dari kernel BSD dan diaplikasikan pada Mac OS/X).
CTIX Convergent Technology
Distrix Convergent Technology
UniCOS Cray Research (sekarang bagian dari Silicon Graphics Incorporated)
DG/UX Data General Corporation
Digital UNIX Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) (dibeli oleh Compaq, sekarang bagian dari Hewlett-Packard)
Ultrix Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) (dibeli oleh Compaq. sekarang bagian dari Hewlett-Packard)
CLIX Fairchild Company
HP/UX Hewlett-Packard
Tru64 Compaq (sekarang bagian dari Hewlett-Packard)
AIX International Business Machine (IBM) Corporation
Coherent Mark William Company
XENIX Microsoft Corporation (lalu dijual ke SCO)
DVIX Northern Telecom
UnixWare Novell Incorporated
SCO UNIX Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) Corporation
SCO XENIX Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) Corporation
SCO OpenServer Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) Corporation
Dynix Sequent
SINIX Siemens Corporation/Nixdorf
IRIX Silicon Graphics Incorporated (SGI)
SunOS Stanford Universities Network (SUN)
Solaris Sun Microsystems Incorporated
OpenSolaris Sun Microsystems Incorporated
Illumos Illumos.org
Eunice The Wollongong Group
Uniplus+ Unisoft Corporation
BSD UNIX Universitas California (University of California) Berkeley, Amerika Serikat
BSD/I BSDI (Berkeley Software Design Incorporated)
OSF/1 Open Software Foundation
GNU/Linux Free Software Foundation
GNU/Hurd Free Software Foundation
FreeBSD
NetBSD
OpenBSD
NextStep
Minix Universitas Terbuka Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Belanda
Mach Universitas Carnegie Mellon (Carnegie Mellon University), Amerika Serikat
UNIX System V Lucent Technologies (Bell Labs)
QNX QNX Software Systems



Microsoft Windows atau yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan Windows adalah keluarga sistem operasi. yang dikembangkan oleh Microsoft, dengan menggunakan antarmuka pengguna grafis.
Sistem operasi Windows telah berevolusi dari MS-DOS, sebuah sistem operasi yang berbasis modus teks dan command-line. Windows versi pertama, Windows Graphic Environment 1.0 pertama kali diperkenalkan pada 10 November 1983, tetapi baru keluar pasar pada bulan November tahun 1985, yang dibuat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan komputer dengan tampilan bergambar. Windows 1.0 merupakan perangkat lunak 16-bit tambahan (bukan merupakan sistem operasi) yang berjalan di atas MS-DOS (dan beberapa varian dari MS-DOS), sehingga ia tidak akan dapat berjalan tanpa adanya sistem operasi DOS. Versi 2.x, versi 3.x juga sama. Beberapa versi terakhir dari Windows (dimulai dari versi 4.0 dan Windows NT 3.1) merupakan sistem operasi mandiri yang tidak lagi bergantung kepada sistem operasi MS-DOS. Microsoft Windows kemudian bisa berkembang dan dapat menguasai penggunaan sistem operasi hingga mencapai 90%.

Daftar isi

 [sembunyikan] 

[sunting] Sejarah Singkat Windows

Dimulai dari DosShell for DOS 6 buatan Microsoft dan inginnya Microsoft bersaing terhadap larisnya penjualan Apple Macintosh yang menggunakan GUI, Microsoft menciptakan Windows 1.0. Nama ini berasal dari kelatahan karyawan Microsoft yang menyebut nama aplikasi tersebut sebagai Program Windows (Jendela Program). Windows versi 2 adalah versi Windows pertama yang bisa diinstal program. Satu-satunya program yang bisa ditambahkan adalah Microsoft Word versi 1. Windows versi 3 menjanjikan aplikasi tambahan yang lebih banyak, kelengkapan penggunaan, kecantikan user interface atau antarmuka dan mudahnya konfigurasi. Windows versi 3.1 adalah versi Windows yang bisa mengoptimalisasi penggunaannya pada prosesor 32-bit Intel 80386 ke atas. Windows versi 3.11 adalah versi Windows terakhir sebelum era Start Menu. Windows 3.11 pun adalah versi Windows pertama yang mendukung networking/jaringan. Versi Hibrida dapat dijalankan tanpa MS-DOS. Versi Hibrida tersebut menginstalasi dirinya sendiri dengan DOS 7. Tidak seperti Windows versi 16-bit yang merupakan shell yang harus diinstalasi melalui DOS terlebih dahulu. Aplikasinya pun berbeda. Meskipun Windows 9X dapat menjalankan aplikasi Windows 16-bit, namun Windows 9X memiliki grade aplikasi sendiri - X86-32, Windows 9X sangat terkenal dengan BSOD (Blue Screen of Death).
!Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Sejarah Microsoft Windows

[sunting] Versi-versi Windows

[sunting] Sudah dirilis






sekian dan terimakasih .semoga bermanfaat
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Minggu, 04 September 2011

ubuntu


Beta1

Introduction

The Ubuntu developers are moving quickly to bring you the absolute latest and greatest software the Open Source community has to offer. The Oneiric Ocelot Beta 1 Release of Ubuntu 11.10 gives a preview of the next version of Ubuntu.

Get Ubuntu 11.10

Upgrading from Ubuntu 11.04

To upgrade from Ubuntu 11.04 on a desktop system, press Alt+F2 and type in "update-manager -d" (without the quotes) into the command box. Update Manager should open up and tell you: New distribution release '11.10' is available. Click Upgrade and follow the on-screen instructions.
To upgrade from Ubuntu 11.04 on a server system: install the update-manager-core package if it is not already installed; launch the upgrade tool with the command sudo do-release-upgrade -d; and follow the on-screen instructions. Note that the server upgrade is now more robust and will utilize GNU screen and automatically re-attach in case of e.g. dropped connection problems.

Download the Beta 1

Beta 1 images can be downloaded from a location near you:
In addition they can be found at the following links:

New features in Oneiric

Please see the Oneiric blueprint list for details.
Please test and report any bugs you find:

Improved handling of 32-bit compatibility on amd64 systems

Ubuntu 11.10 Beta 1 enables "multiarch" support for installing 32-bit library and application packages on 64-bit systems. For all amd64 installs and upgrades, select 32-bit software, including skype and flash, will be installable directly using the same 32-bit packages that are used on i386 installations, without the need to install the ia32-libs compatibility package. For users this means 32-bit libraries will always be available at the same time as their 64-bit counterparts, even in the case of security updates, and users will only need to install those 32-bit libraries needed by the applications they have installed.

Enabling multiarch if you upgraded before Beta-1

amd64 users who upgraded to oneiric prior to August 16th or who installed oneiric prior to alpha-3 will need to manually enable multiarch support on their systems to ensure they get the same experience (and see the same packages) as other users. This is as simple as running the following command: 
 $ echo foreign-architecture i386 | sudo tee /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch
An apt-get update later, and you'll have access to the full array of i386 packages in addition to the amd64 ones.

Installing the correct skype package

As a result of this change, work has begun to deprecate the ia32-libs package, which no longer ships all the libraries that it did previously. Most 32-bit software will either be automatically transitioned to i386 packages on upgrade or will continue to work with the ia32-libs package in oneiric. However, the skype package has not yet been updated for this in oneiric. If you have the skype package installed you will need to manually switch to the i386 package by running: 
 $ sudo apt-get install skype:i386
For the final 11.10 release, this will be resolved by providing an automatic upgrade to an i386-only skype package.

Ubuntu Kernel

Beta 1 includes the 3.0.0-9.15 Ubuntu kernel which is based on the v3.0.3 upstream stable kernel. Some of the most notable changes since Ubuntu 11.10 Alpha3 with respect to the kernel include:
  • Rebase to v3.0.3
  • Enable missing IPv6 options
  • Ivy Bridge: KVM support for SMEP
  • Fix integer math bugs in panel fitting
  • Turn on extra EAPDs on Conexant codecs
  • Deliver more Atheros, Ralink, and iwlagn NIC drivers to d-i
  • Package macvlan and macvtap for virtual
  • Package x86_energy_perf_policy and turbostat
  • dell-wmi: Add keys for Dell XPS L502X
  • hfsplus: ensure bio requests are not smaller than the hardware sectors
  • Ecryptfs: Add mount option to check uid of device being mounted = expect uid
  • Update ideapad-laptop to v3.1
  • mac80211: be more careful in suspend/resume
  • xen-blkfront: Drop name and minor adjustments for emulated scsi devices
  • xen: Do not enable PV IPIs when vector callback not present
  • Native driver support for changing backlight intensity on i915
  • Numerous config updates

Ubuntu Desktop

Revised DVD content

With 11.10 Beta 1, we're introducing a revised smaller DVD based on community feedback over the last few cycles. This is in addition to the traditional CD which remains available. This new DVD has a more manageable size of 1.5G. The new DVD image is an extension of our current CD image to include all the language packs and some other useful applications, such as Inkscape, GIMP, Pitivi, and a more complete LibreOffice suite. All the packages that used to be on the DVD are still available from the archive.

Interface updates

A new release of compiz and Unity has been included with this milestone. Highlights of this release are:
  • A new Alt+Tab switcher.
  • "Places" were renamed to "Lenses", now integrating multiple sources and advanced filtering like ratings, range, categories…
  • A new music lens linked to Banshee is also installed by default.
  • The restructuring for getting some new features has been done. Known bugs and regressions are documented below.
  • Better performance of launchers and panel, ported to GTK 3 and GTK 3-based indicator stack.
Unity 2D reduced the delta with Unity, shares more code with it and has almost complete accessibility support. See Known issues for the missing accessibility parts.
The indicators got a visual refresh which includes a refactoring of the session indicator and a new power indicator.

New Applications and Defaults

Thunderbird is included as default email client including menu and launcher integration.
Déjà Dup is included as the default backup tool, making it easy to upload backups to Ubuntu One.
The new Gwibber landed in Oneiric bringing improved performance and a new interface using the most recent GNOME technologies.
GNOME got updated to current unstable version (3.1.5) on its way to GNOME 3.2
LightDM now uses the new Unity greeter by default.

Software Center updates

The Ubuntu Software Center adds new "top rated" views to the main category page and all subcategory pages, now allows you to edit or delete your own reviews, and has had a significant speedup for standalone deb file installations (gdebi functionality).

Ubuntu Core

Ubuntu Core is a new minimal rootfs for use in the creation of custom images for specific needs. With the release of Oneiric Ocelot, developers will be able to use Ubuntu Core as the basis for their application demonstrations, constrained environment deployments, device support packages, and other goals. More information is available on the Ubuntu Core wiki page.

Ubuntu Server

Orchestra which is a collection of the best free software services for provisioning, deploying, hosting, managing, and orchestrating enterprise data centre infrastructure services, by, with, and for the Ubuntu Server has landed in Oneiric and is taking good shape.
A core component of Orchestra provisioning is Cobbler, which has been receiving significant attention. Whilst still in the Universe repository, it is considered an important part of Ubuntu Server and testing is much appreciated.
The majority of the Openstack components and dependencies are now in the Main archive. Oneiric Beta-1 is shipping with Diablo-4 development release. Regular snapshots to Oneiric will commence after Beta-1 Freeze is lifed, and will be uploaded on a regular basis. Bugs are being identified, however it's proving to have a good level of stability; and usage to uncover more issues before release is vital.
Ensemble is now available in the Oneiric archive, it is a critical part of Ubuntu Server designed to handle service deployment and orchestration for both cloud and bare metal.
The Xen hypervisor has now been reintroduced to Ubuntu Server, and is therefore an option. The QA process has identified a number of issues in the cycle, which are making good progress towards a resolution. Further testing of this will ensure good Xen support in Oneiric.
The cloud images have been formally renamed to 'Ubuntu Cloud Images' (or cloudimg as short form). The images should now be found at the new address: https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com . ARM cloud images are now being built, but there isn't currently a cloud infrastructure that can consume them, and therefore are not officially released as part of this beta.
All references to UEC have been changed to "Ubuntu Cloud". If the term UEC is discovered in this milestone, it should be considered a bug and raised accordingly.
Former UEC components (including Eucalyptus) are no longer part of the CD image, and were demoted to Universe.

Kubuntu

Plasma and KDE Applications 4.7

The latest stable release 4.7 of KDE's Plasma Workspaces and Applications brings new features and improvements all around. Highlights include:
Visual updates include a new Oxygen icon theme A cleaner default look to Dolphin Gwenview's new ability to compare two or more images New breadcrumb feature in the Kickoff menu that simplifies navigating submenus More improvements in the Network Management widget

KDEPIM 4.7

Along with KDE 4.7, 11.10 also introduces the new KDEPIM suite, which includes the new Kmail 2. The look and feel is familiar, but under the hood, most of the PIM suite is now fully migrated to the Akonadi storage service.
IMPORTANT: Do note that this is a major upgrade to the mail, calendar and addressbook systems, and as such still needs usage and migration testing. It is, even more highly than usual, highly recommended to back up all important data, mail, contact information, and calendars if you plan to test upgrading to 11.10.

Amarok 2.4.3

The Amarok folks have just released the latest version of the popular music player. Work has been done to improve the interface, drag-and-drop inside of collections, and dynamic playlists are some of the new things to be found.

Muon Software Center

Kubuntu has switched to providing the Muon Software Center and Muon Package manager by default. The Muon package management suite is tightly integrated with the Debian package management system (all Ubuntu flavors use under the hood) for better performance and more reliable results.
Additional information about this release of Kubuntu can be found here.

Xubuntu

Xubuntu has replaced gdm with lightdm as the application that manages logins. Automatic logins will not work with lightdm at the present time. We are sure lightdm is going to provide a much better experience for users than gdm.
Pastebinit is now included in Xubuntu intallations by default. If you need to use http://paste.ubuntu.com/, you can use pastebinit in terminals to paste directly without copying and pasting the data.
The developers have replaced mousepad with leafpad as the text editor. leafpad now includes the ability to print, and is better maintained than mousepad.
The onscreen keyboard, Onboard, is now included in the default Xubuntu menus, under Accessories. For those who require an onscreen keyboard, this will be much easier to access using only a mouse or touchpad.
Astute users will observe a new plymouth splash screen in use. Unfortunately, we have found that occasionally, when using the desktop cd to install, the message "hit any key to continue" will not appear. Should you get a black screen with text and the sliding throbber, when the throbber stops moving and the cd ejects, remove the cd and hit enter on the keyboard to continue.
Bluetooth does not work at the present time in Xubuntu. Please see the bug below. A workaround is to install 'blueman' to manage bluetooth.
The Xubuntu developers and contributors had a discussion about replacing the Gimp with an application to assist with digital photos. As a result, gThumb has been added to the default installation. This application is designed to help with image transformations and viewing.

Edubuntu

Edubuntu inherits all the changes that occurs in the Ubuntu desktop.
The default desktop environment is now Unity with fallback to Unity 2D when the hardware doesn't support running the 3D version. Gnome 3 Fallback (which uses an updated gnome-panel) is available for those who want it through an option in the installer.
One of our goal for this release is to improve our translation support. Oneiric Ocelot Beta 1 is the first release of Edubuntu to feature a fully translated installer. If it's not accurate for your language, please help translating it! LTSP Live has been re-written and is now fully translatable and network-manager aware.
This beta also offers a refreshed look and feel with a new wallpaper and login screen.
To learn more on Edubuntu and download a stable version of it, go to: http://www.edubuntu.org

Mythbuntu

Mythbuntu oneiric has transitioned over to the quicker lightdm desktop manager and brings updated builds of MythTV. Still on the 0.24 series, but growing more and more stable with each new build. In line with the rest of Ubuntu, it now ships software center rather than synaptic.

Lubuntu

Lubuntu is a flavor of Ubuntu based on the LXDE desktop environment. The goal is to provide a very lightweight distribution, with all the advantages of the Ubuntu world (repositories, support ...). With many LXDE components, Lubuntu also uses well-known applications, such as Chromium, Openbox, Pidgin ... (More informations on applications used or on the Lubuntu project are available on the wiki.).

Known issues

As is to be expected, at this stage of the release process, there are still some significant known bugs that users may run into with the Oneiric Beta 1 Release. The ones we know about at this point (and some of the workarounds), are documented here so you don't need to spend time reporting these bugs again:

Boot, installation and post-install

  • usb-creator is currently unable to create EFI-bootable USB sticks. (702283)
  • In the Ubuntu live system, the panel shows an indicator with "[Invalid UTF-8]". (837246)
  • In some cases, booting the live system takes a long time until the desktop starts. (791139)
  • When overwriting an existing installation in the Ubiquity desktop installer, it creates a new swap partition instead of re-using the already existing one. (782507)
  • Ubiquity desktop installer proceeds to use free space without warning, if sufficient free space exists, and "install alongside" is selected, then clicking on the forward button just begins the installation without warning. (766265)
  • ARM Desktop installations sometimes crash during the OEM configuration step or upgrades, due to a race condition in flash-kernel. (779410)
  • No support for Panda ES2.0 (prerelease) dev boards. Use an older x-loader/u-boot if needed. (837235).
  • omap3/omap4 netboot images are known to be too small with the Beta 1 release (806751).
  • omap3 netboot fails to leave system in a bootable state. Need to add ROOT= to the boot cmdline (820621).
  • Selecting "Configure encrypted volumes" in the alternate/server installer initialises encrypted volumes from scratch, and will destroy any encrypted data that was previously present. There is no way to reuse an existing encrypted volume at installation time at the moment, although we do consider this a bug that will be fixed in a future release. (420080)
  • In OEM install mode, the text in the language selection during the end user configuration dialog is very hard to read. (838672)
  • OEM install mode is not working on DVDs. (837503)

Upgrades

  • During upgrade a debconf prompt about DM to use is displayed (806559)
  • Ubuntu 11.10 has migrated away from /var/run, /var/lock and /dev/shm and now uses /run, /run/lock and /run/shm instead (respectively). While the Ubuntu AppArmor packages and shipped policy have been adjusted for this, custom policy may need to be updated. The following my be used to aid in migration (it allows both the old an the new paths):
    $ sed -i -e 's#/var/run#/{,var/}run#' -e 's#/var/lock#/{run,var}/lock#' -e 's#/dev/shm/#/{dev,run}/shm/#'

Graphics and Display

  • We had to revert from unity-window-decorator to gtk-window-decorator for performance reasons. This means that the "1 px border" for resizing window is back temporarily.
  • Unity 2D is not working on KVM with xen and cirrus video devices. As a workaround, use the -vga vmware option. (759803)

Since Unity is in active development right now, please check the unity bug reports before filing new bugs.

Desktop

  • Pressing the physical power button immediately shuts down the machine, instead of asking what to do. (837266)
  • On ARM OMAP4 installations, Firefox currently crashes on start. (837685)
  • Installing with Chinese (Simplified) creates broken localization (771510)

Kernel

  • Sandy Bridge power regression from kernel 3.0.0-6 to 3.0.0-7 (30% more power at idle) (818830)

Ubuntu Server

  • When running an i386 system under a virtual machine without enough memory allocated a kernel error is detected during installation. (790712)
  • Authenticated and unauthenicated iscsi clients fails to complete boot. (838809)
  • In the nova-compute component of openstack, console.log grows indefinitely which could be a security concern. (832507)
  • nova requires the addition of --use_deprecated_auth in /etc/nova.conf, due to a late change of keystone becoming the upstream default. (838768)
  • Oneiric Eucalyptus fails to start up, upstream are tracking this issue (791607)

Kubuntu

  • kubuntu-full doesn't install complete system - If installing from the Kubuntu DVD, a fully functional system isn't installed. To work around this for Oneiric Beta 1, use the text mode installer and select both the kubuntu-desktop and kubuntu-full tasks. (838325)
  • Shutdown in the live session under VirtualBox sometimes does not work and seems to just hang on the desktop. Just restart the computer with the power button in that case, there is no possibility of data loss. (805906)

Xubuntu

  • There are three terminals in the menus, the normal one is in Accessories (836311)
  • Bluetooth fails for those users attempting to use. Gnome-control-center is not being installed due to numberous dependencies (831488)
  • oneconf-service will crash when updating and when the system is idle for an unspecified period of time (829570)
  • oneconf-query will crash when updating and when the system is idle for an unspecified period of time (616463)

Ubuntu Core

  • DRM libraries are always installed, even for users who are not enabling graphical environments (819802)

Mythbuntu

  • AMD64 images are oversized. Have to be burned to USB sticks or DVDs.
  • Tray icons are broken for Jockey and Network Manager. They'll be fixed for beta 2.
  • Some parts of the installer remain sensitive when they shouldn't be allowing options that shouldn't be selectable normally.

Lubuntu

  • Generic icon for network-manager (819617)
  • Generic icon for jockey (819542)
For a listing of more known issues, please refer to the Oneiric Ocelot bug tracker in Launchpad.

Reporting bugs

It should come as no surprise that this Beta 1 release of Oneiric Ocelot contains other bugs. Your comments, bug reports, patches and suggestions will help fix bugs and improve the quality of future releases. Please report bugs using the tools provided.
If you want to help out with bugs, the Bug Squad is always looking for help.
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